Bacterium

(plural bacteria) a MICRO-ORGANISM (one that cannot be seen with the naked eye but only with the aid of a MICROSCOPE), which usually has a body made of only one cell (unicellular). Bacteria are believed by many scientists to be the first organisms to have existed on Earth and they have always been extremely important in all life processes. Bacteria occur in water, air, soil and rotting plant or animal debris, and even in extremely inhospitable environments such as hot springs full of chemicals. They are vitally important in the breakdown and decomposition of ORGANIC material--without bacteria, nothing would rot away. Most bacteria need oxygen in order to live and are called aerobic, but others do not and are termed anaerobic. The surrounding layer around a bacterial cell is called the cell wall. Two types of bacteria, which each have a different cell wall structure (Gram positive or Gram negative) are identified by a test known as Gram's stain. Some bacteria have a protective, slimy outer layer called a capsule, and others may have hairs called filaments which cause movement. Bacteria occur in a number of different shapes and forms which help to identify them. These are spiral (plural spirilli, singular, spirillus), spherical or round (plural cocci, singular coccus), rod-like (plural bacilli, singular, bacillus), comma-shaped (vibrio) and corkscrew-shaped (spirochaetae). Bacteria usually reproduce by asexual reproduction and a few are responsible for extremely serious diseases in plants, animals and man, e.g. typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and cholera. These diseases can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS although there is a problem of resistance of some bacteria to certain antibiotic drugs.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The bacteria ([bækˈtɪərɪə]; singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5×10³⁰) bacteria on Earth, forming much of the world's biomass. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. However, most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora of bacteria as there are human cells in the body, with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and as gut flora. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and a few are beneficial. However, a few species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and in agriculture, so antibiotic resistance is becoming common. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment, the production of cheese and yoghurt through fermentation, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Taken from Wikipedia

Yeast

unicellular micro-organisms that form a fungus. Yeast cells can be circular or oval in shape and reproduce by spore formation. The enzymes secreted by yeasts are used in brewing and baking industries as they convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species currently described; they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae as seen in most molds. Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40 µm.

The yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used in baking and fermenting alcoholic beverages for thousands of years. It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology. Other species of yeast, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.

Yeasts do not form a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. At present it is estimated that only 1% of all yeast species have been described. The term "yeast" is often taken as a synonym for S. cerevisiae, but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in both divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts ("true yeasts") are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.

Taken from Wikipedia