Karyotype

the number, shapes and sizes of the chromosomes within the cells of an organism. Every organism has a karyotype that is characteristic of its own species, but different species have very different karyotypes. For example, all normal human females have 22 pairs of DIPLOID chromosomes with a similar shape and size, but all female horses have 32 pairs of diploid chromosomes which have their own unique shape and size.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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A karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species. The term may also be used of a cell, or an individual. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.

The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. Thus, in humans 2n = 46. In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).

So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as karyology. The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a karyogram or idiogram: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size.

Karyotypes can be used for many purposes; such as, to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomic relationships, and to gather information about past evolutionary events.

Taken from Wikipedia

Labile

a term used in chemistry which means not stable, likely to change.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The term is used to describe a relatively unstable and transient chemical species. As a general example, if molecule exists in a particular conformation for a short life-time, before adopting a lower energy conformation, the former molecular structure is said to have 'high lability' (such as C₂₅, a 25-carbon fullerene spheroid). The term is sometimes also used in reference to reactivity - for example, a complex which quickly reaches equilibrium in solution is said to be labile (with respect to that solution).

Taken from Wikipedia

Bacillus

(plural bacilli)

a BACTERIUM which has a rod-shaped form.

Taken from Dictionary of Science
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Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. Bacillus species are obligate aerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase. Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera.

Taken from Wikipedia