Showing posts with label one. Show all posts
Showing posts with label one. Show all posts

Sunday, February 28, 2010

Too Nude To Be Crude

LinkGrand.com

By RJ Ledesma

There were two naked people in the middle of the room. And one of them was, unfortunately, male.

I have to say, when I arrived at UP's "100 Nudes, 100 Years" nude sketching session, I felt gypped. I was ready to be overwhelmed by 100 Rubenesque bodies splayed all over the exhibition hall of Mandarin Oriental Suites in Gateway Mall publicly displaying their privates. Alas, the models did not make the quota. Damn. Another adolescent fantasy remains unfulfilled.

Not only did I feel gypped, but I also felt quite uncomfortable because I wasn't sure what constituted appropriate behavior at a nude sketching session. Although my wife thoughtfully etched a couple of reminders onto my forehead on how she thought I should conduct myself during the session: first, do not stare at any R-rated body parts for more than three seconds. Second, do not hyperventilate. And, third and most important, do not touch. Yourself or the model.

So in-between those three-second intervals that I took staring at the nude model (the female one, okay? The female one), I recall my mom telling me that good behavior suggests that you make the people you are with feel more at ease in your presence. And since the models looked a bit tense onstage (it's a bit more obvious that you are tense when you are naked), I though it would be polite to also remove my clothes and make them feel more at ease. However, I also realized that not everybody would be comfortable with my nudity. So I kept my fig leaf on, just in case.

While the female model was being captured in all her Rubenesque-ness, I spoke with nude sketching event organizer and artist Romy Carlos. Tito Romy is a landscape and portraiture artist who has the uncanny, eunuch-like ability to stare at a naked woman without reaction, without hesitation and without his wife present. I swore to myself that, before this session was over, I would find out how he keeps his composure during nude sketching sessions, how I could get him to invite me to future nude painting sessions without fear of reprisal, and how come he wanted me to put my clothes back on.

NUDERED

RJ LEDESMA (a.k.a. Wanna-be Nude): Tito Romy, are you a normal man? Allow me to elaborate on this question before you stab me with your paintbrush. Normal men will find it very difficult to stare at a naked woman without having a physiological reaction that your life would like to beat out of you. So how do you do it? Is it medication? Stapler and rubber bands? Fear of the Lord?

ROMY CARLOS (a.k.a. Nude is Never Enough):
For artists, I guess it's different. Basically, you'd like to finish your artwork. But surely, like any other human being, you feel also a sensation before the session starts.

Ah, so you get the sensation before the session starts?

Of course, just like any normal male.

Is it the same sort of sensation that you get when you have a urinary tract infection?

Ahem. But the moment the nude sketching session starts, you can see that everyone is so quiet and focused. You want to finish your work and do a good job.

Tito Romy, aren't you afraid that if you stare at her too long that your eyes might melt? That's what my yaya says.

You don't look at the model continuously anyway. The only time that you really spend looking at the model is at the start of the session because you'd like to choose the angle and lighting of the model that will be best-suited to your sketch.

I discovered that the best way to stare at naked women is by pressing the pause button.

Most of the time, you are looking at your canvas and not at the model. You only glance at her from time to time.

What do you look for when you request a model for a nude sketch? Do you say, 'I'd like a size 36C cup, please'?

Actually, that's a misconception.

A misconception? Why? Is it a D cup? Wow, you artists are demanding.

Normally, when you are looking for a model, the manager often asks you, 'Do you want a beautiful woman?' Actually, we don't. What is important is that the model knows how to pose. And that she is also patient. In fact, the great models are the ones who are already kulubot na. Because they have character lines.

Kulubot na? O, yaya pwede ka pa palang mag-model.

YAYA: Ulol.

We aren't looking for a Miss Universe, you know. What is more important is the interpretation by the artist of the nude model on the canvas. During Renaissance times, the ideal form of beauty was voluptuous. The emphasis was on the breasts. So the breasts had to be full. However, standards of beauty change through the ages.

Tito Romy, I think we should emphasize that some standards should never change.

For me, I like our model over there. Not too fat, not too skinny. She's just right.

The Goldilocks philosophy works well for me, too, Tito Romy.

NEVER TOO NUDE

Which nude is easier to draw? The female nude or the -- God help me -- male nude?

I guess it's easier to draw the male model. Primarily because I am a male.

So that means you know where all the body parts belong.

But for the female, there are a lot of nuances. There is a bit of subconscious that enters the drawing. Because, let's face it, not all the models are generously endowed. Maliit ang kuwan ng model.

Ah, yes, the non-Renaissance kuwan.

Kapag kinopya mo yung kuwan, somehow you feel that something is missing. So usually, you add a little something, to make it more... proportional.

Sigh... If only we could use our subconscious to make things more proportional. So, Tito Romy, let us talk like real men who do not live in fear of their wives. Staring at the nude model doesn't do anything for you at all? It doesn't make you frustrated? Excited? Temporarily insane?

Personally, it does nothing for me. All you want to do while sketching is to capture the essence of the model.

That is also what many D.O.M.s want to capture as well.

Carnal desire just doesn't enter the body somehow. But as the model takes off her clothes, siyempre nakakuwan yung senses mo eh.

Ah, so even the kuwan does something for you pala?

Pero, it's another thing altogether when a model takes off her clothes on stage in a beerhouse. But the be-all and end-all of the nude sketching session is that you are able to complete your work.

Tito Romy, I don't really know what its like for a model to take off her clothes in a beerhouse. I have never been to one before.

YAYA: Ulol.

So do you usually sketch the whole body of the nude, or do you leave some parts for the imagination to prevent domestic warfare?

It depends on your mood and on the time available. Normally, if you are pressed for time, then you just choose certain parts of the anatomy.

I often choose certain parts of the anatomy when I have limited time to look at nudes as well.

Tito, there is a question my three female readers have been too sober to ask: What exactly is that fine line between nudity in art and just plain pornography?

Pornography caters to the more primeval sensations of a human being. Pornography arouses your basic instincts. But in art, there is a more sublime reason behind it. In each creation that you make, you always leave a little something of yourself in that particular artwork. That is not only your time, but also your emotional and spiritual self as well.

I see. So I should always leave a little something of myself after I look at nudes. Speaking of which, just how many nudes have you painted in your lifetime?

Um, not very many, actually. About 30, I'd say.

Well, that's 30 more than I'll ever paint. After your 30 nude drawings, can you say what would make a good candidate for a nude model?

There is no hard and fast rule. Whatever model is presented to me, I guess I won't mind. As long as the model is pleasant enough to pose and as long as the proper facilities are available, like the lighting and the background music. Then that's all right with me. I'm not too particular about the looks of the model.

Fantastic! There is still hope for me then. So, please make me happy, Tito Romy: Would I make a good nude model? I took some pictures of myself in the banyo this morning just in case.

Why not? In fact one of our male models was a UP student before. He had no previous experience but he had a fair complexion, just like you.

It's not me, Tito. It's the Glutathione. I've been jockeying for an endorsement, but damn that Gabby Concepcion and his Dorian Gray good looks.

The model adjusted very well. There were first-time jitters. It took him quite a while befoore he could come out of the room and pose. But after coaching him a bit, he finally came out. All's end that ends well, I say.

And I hope that all of his is still well.

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But of course, this little tête-à-tête with Master kuwan Romy Carlos was merely a prologue to the moment that all the No Girlfriends Since Birth (NGSB), Quezon City chapter, have been waiting for: The no-holds and no-clothes-barred interview with the nude model. So, after checking my blood pressure, binding my hands with barbed wire, and placing me behind a wall crowned by broken soft-drink bottles, the interview with our nude female model began under heavy surveillance.

HETO NA, HETO NA, HETO NAAAAHHAAAAA!!!!

RJ (a.k.a. Hubo't Hubad Lumilipad): So, do you, um, come here often?

HUBAD (a.k.a. Hubad): Well, it's my first time here, but I've been modeling for some time already.

What kind of modeling have you been doing?

Ayan. Nude.

Well, yes. I could see that.

Sometimes there are pictorials. But more often they are for nude paintings.

So, how exactly do you become a nude model? There are many ways I can think of how you became one, but they are all illegal.

Actually, I was just recruited.

Oh, that being the case, can we have the number of that recruitment agency, please?

I had a friend who was posing for nude paintings, then she dragged me along to a session one time. Then her manager, Kuya Jonski, liked me. So that's how it all started.

Who is this charismatic Kuya Jonski? Can I meet him personally and give him a certificate of recognition? And how did he know you would be an ideal model for nude modeling? Was he Kryptonian? Did he have X-ray vision?

It was like an audition. There was a pictorial, and if Kuya Jonski liked your body, he would show these pictures to clients. If the cliens like your body, then they will request a session.

Do you check if any of these clients have a record with the NBI? Um, scratch that. (RJ mumbles: "Yaya, inayos mo na ba yung sa NBI?") Let's get back to the interview: How many years have you been nude modeling?

Almost three years now.

Three years!? May I ask how old you are?

I'm turning 20.

Wow. I would like to explore this topic more but I am afraid that the authorities are monitoring this interview. And what exactly are the benefits that you get out nude modeling? Is it the love of art? The exhilaration of being captured on canvas? The recognition you get from being drawn by the country's foremost artists?

Money.

Ah, that is a very rewarding benefit. How much of that rewarding benefit do you get for nude modeling?

It's different. But the compensation is much better during pictorials. The hourly rate there is... ay basta! Secret.

Yes, please do keep it a secret. I could hear some D.O.M.s writing out blank checks.

Taken from The Philippine Star



Wednesday, February 24, 2010

Valve

LinkGrand.com

in biology a piece of tissue attached to the wall of a tube that ensures the flow of blood is in one direction. The most important valves are the ones found in the HEART and VEINS, which prevent a backflow of blood. In engineering, valves are used in a similar way, to control the flow of fluids through pipes.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.


Valves are also found in the human body. For example, there are several heart valves which control the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintain the correct pumping action.


Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation.


The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing.


Plumbing valves, such as taps for hot and cold tap water are the most noticeable types of valves. Other valves encountered on a daily basis include gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, and safety devices fitted to hot water systems.


Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.


More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.


Valves are also found in the Otto cycle (internal combustion) engines driven by a camshaft, tappets or push rods where they play a major role in engine cycle control.


Taken from Wikipedia




Friday, February 19, 2010

Quasar

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one of a number of star-like heavenly bodies which are very distant from Earth and which give out light. They are extremely compact and give out light even though they are vast distances away, up to 1010 light years.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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A quasi-stellar radio source (quasar) is a very energetic and distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus. Quasars were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.


While there was initially some controversy over the nature of these objects—as recently as the early 1980s, there was no clear consensus as to their nature—there is now a scientific consensus that a quasar is a compact region in the centre of a massive galaxy surrounding the central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10-10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The quasar is powered by an accretion disc around the black hole.


Taken from Wikipedia



Wednesday, February 10, 2010

Magnetic Bubble

LinkGrand.com

a portion of computer memory which consists of a small region in a material such as garnet (a silicate mineral), which is magnetized in one direction. Slices of this material placed on a SUBSTRATE (base material) produce a magnetic chip that under a magnetic field produces magnetic bubbles. Information can be stored on the chip, which may contain up to one million bubbles in 20 square millimetres, in BINARY form, through the presence or absence of a bubble in a specific location.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The magnetic bubble apparatus consists of a thin (8-12μm) single crystal film of Ferromagnetic Garnet (FMG) sandwiched between a pair of crossed Polaroids. The FMG crystals are magnetically anisotropic, that is, they have a strong tendency to orient themselves in fixed directions under the influence of an external magnetic field. The preferred or "easy" axis of orientation is perpendicular to (in or out of) the crystal surface. With no external magnetic field, the domains in the crystal orient up or down in roughly equal amounts. Polarized light passing through the crystal will have its plane of polarization rotated by due to interaction with the magnetic field of the domains (an effect called Faraday rotation). For the 'up' domains, the light will be crossed with respect to the exiting Polaroid therefore appearing dark, and for 'down' domains uncrossed (or vice versa) so appearing bright. The domains appear as serpentine patterns of alternating bright and dark (figure 1a.). Application of an external magnetic field (provided by a built-in electromagnet) flips the domains to one preferred orientation. As the field is increased, the serpentine patterns gradually disappear until you are left with one or two strings and isolated "bubbles".

Taken from fas.harvard.edu



Tuesday, February 9, 2010

Thank You

LinkGrand.com

By Tinna Santos Bonifacio

That's what Judy Ann wants to say to her family as she prepares to leave them behind and start one of her own.

Judy Ann Santos grew up the baby of her family. The youngest of three, she displayed a mature streak early. Despite her young age, she doted on her nephews and nieces. She would change their diapers and give them a bath--in a way, unconsciously preparing herself for parenthood. As the years passed, she began praying for a child to come into her life. It was the unspoken desire of her heart. "Hanggang lumaki sila, ganoon ako. Mga times na 'yon, anak na ang gusto ko," she says.

She got what she wanted when daughter Yohanna, or Yohan, came along. But the arrival of Yohan, now four years old, brought an unexpected bonus: Ryan. And just like that, Judy Ann got more than she had been praying for. "Nung binigay ni Lord si Yohan, saka naman dumating si Ryan. Hindi anak ang binigay sa akin, kundi family."

That it should happen to her is no coincidence, because Judy Ann has always been very family-oriented. Leading the busy life of one of showbiz's youngest superstars has never stopped her from keeping her family uppermost in her mind. When her brother Jeffrey got married, she became his wedding planner, slowing down on her commitments for two whole weeks so she could give it her undivided attention. She went into business, getting a franchise of Anonymous and having her sister Jackie manage it so the latter would have something to do. They had disagreements over certain aspects of the business and how it would be run, but that never changed the way she felt about her sister. "I offered my services to Ricco and Tina Ocampo (the owners of the Anonymous chain) to be an endorser, tapos bayad yung franchise. I wanted to give my sister something to do. Pero mahirap pala 'yon. Dapat pala, sa business, hindi kamag-anak, kasi magkaka-issues kayo. Nag-away kami ng kapatid ko. Pero natuto ako na manahimik na lang. After that, masaya na lahat."

Since her early days in showbiz, she has been guided by a desire to give her family the best. Whatever they wanted, she wanted too--and that's why she worked so hard. She was driven by an inner quest for excellence and by wanting to fulfill dreams, not for herself, but for them. "Ang dream ko lang naman noon is matupad yung wish ni Mommy na mabigyan sila ng sariling property, at saka makabili ng sariling bahay...makabili ng mga properties at magkaroon ng sariling bahay. Na-achieve ko naman. At yung maging stable ang mga kapatid ko."

So now that they are okay, it is her turn to fulfill her own dreams of having a family.

But before she does, she has one last word to share with the people who stood by her. These words, more than anything she could have done or given them, speak volumes.

"Sa lahat ng mahal ko, ang sinasabi ko lang lagi, thank you. Thank you for understanding me, thank you for loving me and for accepting who I am. Thank you for allowing me to be me."

Taken from StarStudio Magazine: Judy Ann Santos Special Edition



Monday, February 8, 2010

Faraday

LinkGrand.com

the quantity of charge carried by one mole of electrons (which is approximately equal to Avogadro's constant x the charge on an electron), which has the value 9.6487 x 104 coulombs. It was named after Michael Faraday (1791-1867), a British scientist whose contributions to physics and chemistry include ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, electrolysis and MAGNETIC FIELDS.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.


Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current, and established the basis for the electromagnetic field concept in physics. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis. He established thatmagnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.


As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.


Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics, such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. Some historians of science refer to him as the best experimentalist in the history of science.The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him, as is the Faraday constant, the charge on a mole of electrons (about 96,485 coulombs). Faraday's law of induction states that a magnetic field changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force.


Faraday was the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life.


Albert Einstein kept a photograph of Faraday on his study wall alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.


Faraday was highly religious; he was a member of the Sandemanian Church, a Christian sect founded in 1730 which demanded total faith and commitment. Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work."


Taken from Wikipedia



Tuesday, January 19, 2010

Quartz

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one of the most common rock-forming minerals, SiO2, which is found in many different kinds of rock. It also forms some semi-precious stones, e.g. amethyst and agate.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2.


There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Especially in Europe and the Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings.


Taken from Wikipedia



Sunday, January 17, 2010

Joule

LinkGrand.com

the unit for all ENERGY measurements. It is the mechanical equivalent of heat, and one joule (J) is equal to a force of one NEWTON moving one metre, i.e. 1J = 1Nm. It is named after James Prescott Joule (1818-1889), a British physicist who investigated the relationship between mechanical, electrical and heat energy, and, from such investigations, proposed the first law of THERMODYNAMICS, the conservation of energy.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The joule (symbol J), named for James Prescott Joule, is the derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is the energy exerted by the force of one newton acting to move an object through a distance of one metre. In terms of dimensions:


\rm 1\ J = 1\ N \cdot m = \left ( \frac{kg \cdot m}{s^2} \right ) \cdot m = \frac{kg \cdot m^2}{s^2}=Pa \cdot m^3= 1\ W \cdot s


One joule is defined as the amount of work done by a force of one newton moving an object through a distance of one metre. Other relationships are:



  • The work required to continuously produce one watt of power for one second; or one watt second (W·s) (compare kilowatt hour). This relationship can be used to define the watt.

Taken from Wikipedia



Saturday, January 16, 2010

Galaxy

LinkGrand.com

(plural galaxies) specifically, the name given to the band of stars, numbering one hundred thousand million bodies, which includes the Sun, and is alternatively called the Milky Way. The galaxy has a spiral structure and is approximately one hundred thousand LIGHT YEARS across. In general usage it refers to a collection of stars held together by gravitational forces. They form different shapes including spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies and range from dwarf galaxies with 100 000 stars to massive galaxies such as the giant elliptical M 87 which has three thousand billion stars.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The name is from the Greek root galaxias [γαλαξίας], meaning "milky," a reference to the Milky Way galaxy. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies can also contain many multiple star systems, star clusters, and various interstellar clouds. The Sun is one of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy; the Solar System includes the Earth and all the other objects that orbit the Sun.


Historically, galaxies have been categorized according to their apparent shape (usually referred to as their visual morphology). A common form is the elliptical galaxy, which has an ellipse-shaped light profile. Spiral galaxies are disk-shaped assemblages with dusty, curving arms. Galaxies with irregular or unusual shapes are known as peculiar galaxies, and typically result from disruption by the gravitational pull of neighboring galaxies. Such interactions between nearby galaxies, which may ultimately result in galaxies merging, may induce episodes of significantly increased star formation, producing what is called a starburst galaxy. Small galaxies that lack a coherent structure could also be referred to as irregular galaxies.


There are probably more than 100 billion (1011) galaxies in the observable universe. Most galaxies are 1,000 to 100,000[4] parsecs in diameter and are usually separated by distances on the order of millions of parsecs (or megaparsecs). Intergalactic space (the space between galaxies) is filled with a tenuous gas of an average density less than one atom per cubic meter. The majority of galaxies are organized into a hierarchy of associations called clusters, which, in turn, can form larger groups called superclusters. These larger structures are generally arranged into sheets and filaments, which surround immense voids in the universe.


Although it is not yet well understood, dark matter appears to account for around 90% of the mass of most galaxies. Observational data suggests that supermassive black holes may exist at the center of many, if not all, galaxies. They are proposed to be the primary cause of active galactic nuclei found at the core of some galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy appears to harbor at least one such object within its nucleus.

Taken from Wikipedia



Friday, January 15, 2010

Calorie

LinkGrand.com

a unit of quantity of heat defined as that heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water through 1°C. Nowadays, it has largely been replaced by the JOULE (1 calorie = 4.186 joules).

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The calorie is a pre-SI metric unit of energy. The unit was first defined by Professor Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a unit of heat. This definition entered French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. In most fields its use is archaic, having been replaced by the SI unit of energy, the joule. However, in many countries it remains in common use as a unit of food energy. The kilocalorie per mole remains in use in computational chemistry and molecular spectroscopy.


Definitions vary but are all based on the specific heat capacity of water. The gram calorie, approximately 4.2 J, is based on one gram of water. The kilogram calorie, equal to one thousand gram calories, is based on one kilogram of water. In the context of nutrition, and especially food labelling, a larger unit is used and referred to interchangeably by the terms calorie (or Calorie) and kilocalorie.


Taken from Wikipedia



Bacterium

LinkGrand.com

(plural bacteria) a MICRO-ORGANISM (one that cannot be seen with the naked eye but only with the aid of a MICROSCOPE), which usually has a body made of only one cell (unicellular). Bacteria are believed by many scientists to be the first organisms to have existed on Earth and they have always been extremely important in all life processes. Bacteria occur in water, air, soil and rotting plant or animal debris, and even in extremely inhospitable environments such as hot springs full of chemicals. They are vitally important in the breakdown and decomposition of ORGANIC material--without bacteria, nothing would rot away. Most bacteria need oxygen in order to live and are called aerobic, but others do not and are termed anaerobic. The surrounding layer around a bacterial cell is called the cell wall. Two types of bacteria, which each have a different cell wall structure (Gram positive or Gram negative) are identified by a test known as Gram's stain. Some bacteria have a protective, slimy outer layer called a capsule, and others may have hairs called filaments which cause movement. Bacteria occur in a number of different shapes and forms which help to identify them. These are spiral (plural spirilli, singular, spirillus), spherical or round (plural cocci, singular coccus), rod-like (plural bacilli, singular, bacillus), comma-shaped (vibrio) and corkscrew-shaped (spirochaetae). Bacteria usually reproduce by asexual reproduction and a few are responsible for extremely serious diseases in plants, animals and man, e.g. typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and cholera. These diseases can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS although there is a problem of resistance of some bacteria to certain antibiotic drugs.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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The bacteria ([bækˈtɪərɪə]; singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5×1030) bacteria on Earth, forming much of the world's biomass. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. However, most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.


There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora of bacteria as there are human cells in the body, with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and as gut flora. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and a few are beneficial. However, a few species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and in agriculture, so antibiotic resistance is becoming common. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment, the production of cheese and yoghurt through fermentation, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.


Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Taken from Wikipedia



Thursday, January 14, 2010

Salt


a compound formed when an ACID reacts with a BASE or when a metal atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of an acid. Salts can be formed by other reactions such as two salts reacting together to form different compounds. Salt is also the name given to common salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), which is found in sea water. It is a vital component of our diet although too much is considered harmful.

Taken from Dictionary of Science

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Salt is a dietary mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride that is essential for animal life, but can be toxic to many land plants. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes, making salt the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasoning. Salt is also an important preservative.


Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (table salt), and iodized salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light gray in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly grayish in color because of mineral content.


Chloride and sodium ions, the two major components of salt, are necessary for the survival of all known living creatures, including humans. Salt is involved in regulating the water content (fluid balance) of the body. Overconsumption of salt increases the risk of health problems, including high blood pressure.


Taken from Wikipedia